ABSTRACT
Azadirachtin, as a botanical insecticide, is a highly oxidized limonoid triterpenoid existing in the seeds of Azadirachta indica. However, due to the low content in the seeds, the production of azadirachtin by seed extraction has low yield. Chemical synthesis of azadirachtin is characterized by complex process and low yield. Synthetic biology provides an alternative for the supply of azadirach-tin. In this study, two oxidosqualene cyclases AiOSC1 and MaOSC1 respectively derived from A. indica and Melia azedarach were identified in yeast. A yeast strain producing tirucalla-7,24-dien-3β-ol was constructed by integration of AiOSC1, Arabidopsis thaliana-derived squalene synthase gene(AtAQS2), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae-derived truncated 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase gene(PgtHMGR) into the delta site of yeast. Then, the function of MaCYP71BQ5 was successfully verified in yeast after this gene was introduced into the constructed yeast strain. This study not only laid a foundation for the biosynthesis of tirucalla-7,24-dien-3β-ol, but also provided a chassis cell for the functional identification of cytochrome oxidases(CYP450 s) in azadirachtin biosynthesis pathway.
Subject(s)
Azadirachta , Limonins , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics , TriterpenesABSTRACT
Objective:To evaluate the enrollment rate, mutation rate and causes of variability the clinical pathway of bronchopneumonia.Methods:The enrollment rate, completion rate, variation and reasons of the clinical pathway in Beijing Children′s Hospital, Capital Medical University from January 2012 to December 2016 were retrospectively collected.Data of patients after the clinical pathway of bronchopneumonia in other tertiary class A hospitals were gathered by questionnaires, and the enrollment rate, completion rate, variation rate and reasons were analyzed.Results:(1)At the end of 2016, 11 of the 13 hospitals included in this study had implemented the clinical pathway for 5 years, 1 hospital for 3 years, and 1 hospital for 2 years.(2) Eleven hospitals provided their enrollment rates.The enrollement rate of 2 hospitals was<50%, and that of 9 hospitals was>80%.The annual completion rate of Beijing Children′s Hospital was ≥75%, and the completion rates offered by 8 hospitals were basically >70%.(3) Since the implementation of the clinical pathway for 5 years in Beijing Children′s Hospital, a total of 427 cases were enrolled of which 93 cases were mutated (variability 21.78%). The variability of 5 hospitals was maintained at <15%.The variability of 3 hospitals decreased with the implementation years, and became qualified.The variability of 1 hospital first rebounded and then controlled; 1 hospital increased by 27.65%; 1 hospital was first controlled and rebounded; 1 hospital was always >15%.The main cause of the mutation was coexisting diseases, complications, progression of the disease, or correction of the first diagnosis, etc.Conclusions:The completion rate of tertiary class A hospitals meets the requirements of national policy.However, the enrollment rate needs to be improved, and the variation rate among different hospitals differs a lot.Further implementation of the clinical pathway should be strengthened and monitored.
ABSTRACT
This paper reviewed the content, outcome index and variations of clinical pathway of bronchopneumonia. Given the short history of such clinical pathway in China, it proves an efficient reform for curbing irrational growth of hospital expenses and reduce days of day by numerous literature. Yet further implementation and supervision are still expected.